Soil toxicity in a protected area in Brazil: Cytotoxic, genotoxic, and toxic effects.

The Campos de Palmas Wildlife Refuge (CPWR) (Brazil) is a full protection Conservation Unit (CU) formed by private properties, where the use of land and natural resources are allowed sustainably according to the rules of the CU Management Plan. Inadequate practices of land use and occupation within this CU can affect its quality and the organisms that depend on them. Considering the above, the objective of the present study was to biomonitor different land uses and occupations within the CPWR and its surroundings, during the four seasons of a year, using the bioindicators Allium cepa (cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests) and Eisenia fetida (leakage test). The soil samples were collected in areas of silviculture, agriculture, and native grasslands within the CU and agriculture outside the limits of the CPWR. The use by silviculture (spring) and native grassland (summer) showed cytotoxic effects for A. cepa. The use by agriculture outside the CPWR (spring) showed genotoxic effect and stimulation of mitotic cell division. For the animal bioindicator, the use by agriculture within the CPWR (winter), native grassland (autumn and spring), silviculture (autumn and spring), and agriculture outside the CU (spring) showed a toxic effect. A PCA analysis showed a correlation between the results of toxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity with the presence of macronutrients and metals in the evaluated soil samples. Possibly influenced by their soil composition characteristics (silviculture and native grassland) or the management of agricultural areas. In addition, samples from the rainy season (spring) showed higher ecotoxicity. These results show that biomonitoring through different organisms is important for evaluating environmental quality and indicate the need for the implementation of preventive measures in the CPWR to avoid the toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects found. They also ensure the integrity of this CU and the active protection of the environment and biodiversity.

Biomonitoring of surface water quality in the Chopim River within the Conservation Unit Campos de Palmas Wildlife Refuge, southern Brazil.

The Campos de Palmas Wildlife Refuge (RVS-CP) is a full protection conservation unit (CU) formed by private properties. The present study aimed to use the bioindicators Allium cepa L. (cytotoxicity and mutagenicity tests) and Eisenia fetida (avoidance test) to assess the quality of surface water of the Chopim River within the RVS-CP area and its surroundings during the four seasons of the year. To do so, water samples were collected at five points, four inside the RVS-CP area and a fifth point outside thereof. Samples from all sampling points had cytotoxic effect on A. cepa in at least one season of the year. Such a finding may be related to inadequate management practices (without land-use control) in the areas surrounding the sampling points such as forestry, native fields, pastures, agriculture, and housing areas. As for the animal bioindicator (E. fetida), only points 1 (in the winter) and 5 (in the autumn) were toxic. Concerning mutagenicity, points 1 and 4 (in the spring), 1 and 2 (in the summer), and 3 (in the autumn) showed mutagenic effect on A. cepa meristematic cells, therefore only within the RVS-CP area. Overall, these results show that biomonitoring can be an ally of the residents of the RVS-CP area in controlling management practices, aiming to bring together economic support and conservation of resources, especially water.

Electrical stunning parameters: impact on the quality of turkey meat (Meleagris gallopavo).

Pre-slaughter conditions can interfere with the quality of meat. Proper stunning systems can minimize the occurrence of meat anomalies. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of electrical stunning parameters on the quality of turkey meat. Nine assays were conducted, with varying frequency, current, and voltage. The variables assessed in the assays were incidence of bruising, bleeding, blood splash and contusions, pH, color, water holding capacity, and shear force. A high incidence of bruising was observed in the breasts (25.0-57.1%) and carcasses (52.5-58.5%) of the turkeys. The pH of the turkey breasts ranged from 5.9 to 6.0 and the shear force ranged from 13.9 to 18.4 N. The frequencies had different effects on the assessed variables, leading to the formation of two groups: group 1-low frequencies (50-200 Hz) and group 2-high frequencies (633-1500 Hz). The incidence of anomalies in the turkey breast and carcasses was higher in group 1 than in group 2. The use of frequencies to stunning below 200 Hz tends to increase blood spots, fractures/contusions and bruising in turkey meat.

Levedura antagonista no controle de fungos filamentosos deteriorantes de alimentos / Antagonistic yeast against deteriorating mold of food

Este trabalho avaliou o efeito antifúngico in vitro de toxina killer de Hansenula wingei contra Aspergillus ochraceus e Penicillium expansum deteriorantes de alimentos. O extrato livre de células-ELC contendo a toxina killer (obtido a partir do cultivo da levedura em Caldo MPL a 25ºC/96 horas) foi submetido ao ensaio antifúngico por meio de análise microscópica, determinando-se a porcentagem de germinação conidial e o desenvolvimento de hifas dos fungos testados. H. wingei inibiu a germinação conidial de A. ochraceus e P. expansum em 98,91% e 96,49%, respectivamente, bem como a inibição do desenvolvimento micelial de ambos os fungos foi maior que 78%. O composto antifúngico mostrou-se estável ao tratamento térmico de 90ºC/30 min., indicando a possibilidade de aplicação no biocontrole in situ de frutos pós-colheita.

Influência de diferentes métodos de cocção sobre os macro e micronutrientes de hambúrguer bovino com linhaça / Influence of different cooking methods on macro and micronutrients of beef burguer with linseed

Introdução: O hambúrguer é um alimento apreciado por pessoas de diversas faixas etárias. Com a intenção de melhorar a qualidade nutricional do hambúrguer bovino, adicionouse farinha de linhaça estabilizada em substituição a gordura suína. Métodos: Após elaboração e cocção dos hambúrgueres por fritura e grelhamento, os mesmos foram submetidos à análises de rendimento, composição centesimal e quantificação de sais minerais. Resultados: Os hambúrgueres com maiores percentuais de farinha de linhaça apresentaram maior capacidade de retenção de umidade. A adição de 5,0 % de linhaça foi suficiente para o aumento do rendimento dos produtos. Após fritura ou grelhamento 80 % as formulações tiveram o conteúdo proteico e lipídico aumentado. Houve aumento do teor de carboidratos proporcional à quantidade de linhaça adicionada. Foi verificado maior valor calórico para as formulações submetidas a fritura. O fósforo aumentou em dez vezes nos hambúrgueres com substituição total da gordura suína por linhaça, os demais sais minerais reduziram. Discussão: O aumento de carboidratos ocorreu devido adição de linhaça, a qual apresenta consideráveis teores de fibras. Os conteúdos de lipídios e proteínas foram aumentados após os tratamentos térmicos devido à perda de água nas formulações. O aumento na concentração de fósforo conforme se reduzia gordura suína, substituída por farinha de linhaça, tem relação com a composição mineral da linhaça, enquanto que a redução dos demais sais minerais quando maior foi a proporção de linhaça adicionada em substituição ao toucinho pode ser decorrente da composição mineral da gordura suína. Conclusão: A adição de linhaça em hambúrgueres contribuiu para a maior suculência e aumento de proteínas, lipídeos e fósforo. Não foi verificada forte influência dos diferentes tratamentos térmicos utilizados na composição mineral, de modo que a adição de linhaça em substituição parcial de gorduras se caracterizou boa alternativa para aumentar os benefícios nutricionais provenientes do consumo desse alimento

Introduction: The hamburger is a food enjoyed various people. Whith the aim improve the nutritional quality of the bovine burger, stabilized linseed meal was added in substitution the swine fat. Methods: After elaboration and cooking of the hamburgers by frying and grilling, they were submitted to analysis of yield, centesimal composition and quantification of mineral salts. Results: The hamburgers with the highest percentages of linseed flour had a higher moisture retention capacity. The addition of 5.0 % linseed was sufficient to increase the yield of the products. After frying or grilling 80 % the formulations had increased protein and lipid content. There was an increase in the carbohydrate content proportional to the amount of linseed added. Higher caloric value was verified for the formulations submitted to frying. Phosphorus increased tenfold in hamburgers with total swine fat replacement by flaxseed, the other minerals reduced. Discussion: The increase of carbohydrates occurred due to the addition of flaxseed, which presents considerable fiber content. The lipid and protein contents were increased after the heat treatments due to loss of water in the formulations. The increase in phosphorus concentration as pork fat reduced, replaced by flax meal, is related to the mineral composition of flaxseed, whereas the reduction of the other minerals when larger was the proportion of flaxseed added in substitution for the swine fat may be due of the mineral composition of swine fat. Conclusion: The addition of linseed in hamburgers contributed to the greater succulence and increase of proteins, lipids and phosphorus. It was not verified a strong influence of the different thermal treatments used in the mineral composition, so that the addition of linseed in partial substitution of fat was characterized as a good alternative to increase the nutritional benefits from the consumption of this food

No disponible

Assessment of nutritional and lipid quality of salted cereal bars prepared with different binding agents / Evaluación de la calidad nutricional y lipídica de barras de cereales saladas preparadas con diferentes aglutinantes

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper was to assess the nutritional and lipid quality of salty cereal bars preparedusing different binding agents. The experiment consisted of preparing four cereal formulations with four different binding agents (collagen, guar gum, xanthan gum and psyllium). The physicochemical characteristics and main minerals of the bars were assessed to determine the nutritional value, atherogenic index and thrombogenic index. The ratios between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids were determined to assess the lipid quality of the product. The results show that the bars have considerable lipid content, carbohydrates, protein, fiber and energetic value. The atherogenicindexindex, thrombogenic index, and ratios between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids for all the formulations had good lipid quality, which indicates that the bars are a healthy food alternative.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo por objetivo elaborar barras de cereales saladas, utilizando diferentes agentes de unión y evaluar su calidad nutricional y lipídica. Para ello se elaboraron cuatro formulaciones de barras de cereales alterando solamente los agentes de unión (colágeno, gomaguar, goma xantana y psyllium). En las barras de cereales desarrolladas se evaluó las características físico-químicas y principales minerales para determinar el valor nutricional y los índices de aterogenicidad (IA), trombogenicidad (IT) así como las razones entre ácidos grasos hipocolesterolémicos e hipercolesterolémicos (HH) para verificar la calidad lipídica del producto. Las barras desarrolladas presentaron considerables contenidos de lípidos, carbohidratos, proteína, fibras y valor energético. El perfil de ácidos grasos así como los índices de aterogenicidad (IA), trombogenicidad (IT) y razones entre los ácidos hipocolesterolémicos e hipercolesterolémicos (HH) mostraron para todas las formulaciones una buena calidad lipídica indicando una alternativa de alimento sano y diferenciado.

Condições higiênico-sanitárias e composição nuticional de salames artesanais e industrializados: uma comparação / Conditions sanitary and nutritional quality of handmade salami and industrialized: a comparaction

O salame tipo colonial é um produto de grande aceitação na região sudoeste do Paraná, especialmente, por fazer parte da tradição de origem italiana e pela cultura na produção de suínos. Tradicionalmente, o salame tipo colonial é produzido de forma artesanal, no próprio domicílio ou pequenas indústrias, sendo comercializado em feiras, supermercados e bancas de produtos coloniais em rodovias. A contaminação desses produtos pode ser proveniente da utilização de matérias-primas contaminadas ou por manipulação inadequada antecedente ao consumo. O fato de, normalmente, o produto ser consumido sem cozimento prévio, pode ser considerado um potencial risco a saúde do consumidor. Com o intuito de conhecer a qualidade dos salames coloniais e salames industrializados comercializados na região sudoeste paranaense, realizou-se análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Os resultados demonstraram que, enquanto os salames industrializados se encontravam de acordo com a legislação brasileira quanto aos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos, os salames artesanais apresentaram teores de umidade e de proteínas em discordância com a legislação pertinente, bem como 16,67% das amostras apresentaram-se contaminadas por Coliformes a 45°C e 22,22% por Salmonella ssp., indicando que é um problema sanitário que carece atenção em nível nacional, uma vez que em estudos anteriores, ficou comprovada a contaminação de salames artesanais de várias regiões do país por microrganismos patogênicos.

Colonial-type salami is a widely accepted product in the southwestern region of Paraná, especially as part of the Italian tradition and its culture in pig production. Traditionally, the colonial-type salami is handmade in the farmer's house or in small industries, being marketed in fairs, supermarkets and colonial product stands along the roads. The contamination of these products can happen due to the use of contaminated raw materials or by poor handling prior to consumption. The fact that the product is usually consumed without prior cooking can be considered a potential risk to consumer's health. In order to evaluate the quality of industrialized salami and colonial salami marketed in the southwestern region of Paraná, a physical-chemical and microbiological analysis was performed. The results showed that while the industrial salami was manufactured in accordance with the Brazilian law regarding the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters, the handmade salami presented moisture and protein levels in disagreement with the relevant legislation, as well as 16.67% of the samples presented contamination by coliforms at 45 °C. They also presented 22.22% of the samples contaminated by Salmonella spp., indicating that this is a health issue that needs to be addressed at a national level, since it can be seen in previous studies that handmade salami presented contamination by pathogenic microorganisms in several regions of the country.

Allium cepa L. as a bioindicator to measure cytotoxicity of surface water of the Quatorze River, located in Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil.

Due to an increase in water consumption in the industrial sector and within the Brazilian population, surface water that receives wastewater from industries, domestic sewage, agricultural industries, and sewage treatment stations can pollute water bodies when not properly treated. The water quality has been linked to catchment characteristics and intensity of agricultural activities. Thus, the aim of this study was to monitor the cytotoxic potential of the water of the Quatorze River, located in the town of Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil, along its route in the rural area, using the root meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. as a bioindicator. The results showed that the water at points 2, 3, and 4 were not cytotoxic because the rates of A. cepa cell division were unaltered. Point 1 had presented a mitotic index that was statistically larger than the negative control, indicating that this water contained substances with mitogenic capacity, as demonstrated by elevated values in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). However, the mitotic index values decreased along the route of the river (point 1 to point 4), possibly indicating a mechanism of self-purification, despite having received other sources of pollution. Thus, the results of this study show that the water of the Quatorze River should undergo periodic environmental monitoring at different times of the year, including cytotoxicity analysis, to evaluate the principal sources of contamination to maintain the quality of the river water and, consequently, to maintain human health and equilibrium of the entire ecosystem.

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica e nutricional de salsichas tipo hot dog / Evaluation of the microbiological and nutritional quality of hot dog sausage

A busca por alimentos de preparo rápido e fácil, e ao mesmo tempo com potencial nutritivo adequado, tem favorecido a industrialização e o aumento do consumo de produtos cárneos emulsionados, entre eles, a salsicha. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade desses produtos, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas em amostras de salsichas de diferentes marcas comercializadas a granel. Das amostras analisadas, 58,33 por cento mostraram contagem para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva acima do limite permitido pela legislação vigente. Nos exames físico-químicos, em 50 por cento das marcas analisadas foram detectados teores de proteína, de carboidratos totais e de amido em discordância com os valores estabelecidos pela legislação. Foi também constatado que 25 por cento das marcas demonstraram conteúdo de gordura acima do permitido.

[Different lipid extraction methods on fatty acids composition in cow milk]. / Avaliação de diferentes métodos de extração lipídica sobre a composição de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em leite de vaca.

Different lipid extraction methods on fatty acids composition in cow milk. Comparative studies among 4 (four) different methods of total lipids extraction were carried out to evaluate the lipid extraction efficiency and fatty acids contents in cow milk. Total lipids extraction methods were Bligh e Dyer (BD), Folch et al. (FLS), Roese-Gottlieb (RG) and Gerber (GB). There were non-significant (p < 0.05) difference, in total lipids content among the extraction methods. The smallest concentrations of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were observed on method GE, possibly due degradation of PUFA immersed in sulfuric acid used during analysis of total lipids. The highest concentrations of n-3 PUFA were observed by BD method, especially to omega-3/omega-6 ratio and alpha-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3), significant differences were observed among the methods. The results demonstrate that the different extractions influenced decisively on quantitative fatty acids composition and evaluations indicated the methods BD as better and GE as the worst to polyunsaturated fatty acids determination.

Avaliação de diferentes métodos de extração lipídica sobre a composição de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em leite de vaca / Different lipid extraction methods on fatty acids composition in cow milk

Avaliação de diferentes métodos de extração lipídica sobre a composição de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em leite de vaca. Estudos comparativos entre 4 (quatro) diferentes métodos de extração de lipídios totais foram avaliados em relação à eficiência de extração lipídica e as implicações sobre a composição de ácidos graxos no leite de vaca. As extrações de lipídios totais foram realizadas de acordo com métodos convencionalmente utilizados no mundo, essas metodologias incluem os métodos de: Bligh e Dyer (BD), Folch et al. (FLS), Roese-Goottlieb (RG) e Gerber (GE). Os resultados mostram que não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05), no teor de lipídios totais entre os métodos de extração. As menores concentrações de ácidos graxos ômega-6 e ácidos graxos poliinsaturados foram observadas no método GE, possivelmente devido à degradação pelo ácido sulfúrico, o qual foi utilizado na metodologia. As maiores concentrações dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados da série ômega-3 (n-3) foi observada no método BD, especialmente para a razão ômega-3/ômega-6 e os ácidos alfa-linolênico (LNA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenóico (EPA, 20:5n-3) e docosahexaenóico (DHA, 22:6n-3), com diferenças significativas das demais metodologias. Os resultados das diferentes metodologias de extração influenciaram decisivamente nos resultados da composição quantitativa de ácidos graxos e, as avaliações indicaram o método BD como o melhor e a o método de GE como a pior na determinação quantitativas de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em leite de vaca.

Comparative studies among 4 (four) different methods of total lipids extraction were carried out to evaluate the lipid extraction efficiency and fatty acids contents in cow milk. Total lipids extraction methods were Bligh e Dyer (BD), Folch et al. (FLS), Roese-Gottlieb (RG) and Gerber (GB). There were non-significant (p<0.05) difference, in total lipids content among the extraction methods. The smallest concentrations of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were observed on method GE, possibly due degradation of PUFA immersed in sulfuric acid used during analysis of total lipids. The highest concentrations of n-3 PUFA were observed by BD method, especially to omega-3/omega-6 ratio and alpha-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3), significant differences were observed among the methods. The results demonstrate that the different extractions influenced decisively on quantitative fatty acids composition and evaluations indicated the methods BD as better and GE as the worst to polyunsaturated fatty acids determination.